volume of air remaining in respiration passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume
pulmonary capacities
Inspiratory capacity: tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume. Functional residual capacity: expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. Vital capacity: sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume . Total lung capacity: sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume.
invertebrates respiratory system
Sponges do not have speciliazed respiratory organs. Simple diffusions is enough to support all cells with oxygen. Water flows into a sponge througt side openings and out of the top opening osculum. The water current provides both food and oxygen removes waste products. All of the cells in the sponge obtain their oxygen from the circulated water. Flatwarms also do not need respiratory organs as like lungs or gills, simple diffusion occur for gas exchange.
gills lungs tracheae
There are three general types of respiratory systems, these are: gills, lungs, tracheae. a gill is an evaginated extension of the body surface that can be highly folded to increase the surface area. ıt is covered by a special structure called operculum. An internal circulatory system distrubutes blood through gill and body. The external circulation of water over the gill can be accomplished by pumping movements, by the action of surface ciliated cells, or by moving the gills through water.
a lung in contrast to gill, is an invaginated internalized surface. Lungs are ofter highly folded to maximize their surface area for gas exchange. Trachea are a third type respiratory system used by many air breathing invertebrates particulary arthropods. The trachea branch internally to form numerous small tubes whose blind ends lie close to all cells of the body. http://respiratory-system.blogspot.com
Gills often have a flow of water over their surface that is in the opposite direction to blood flow; ths is countercurrent flow. Birds are very specialized exchange system; there is a one way flow of air through the lungs but blood flow is a one-way essentially crosscurrent rather than countercurrent or co-current.
compostion of air
The composition of normal, dry atmospheric air is 20.95 percent oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide and 78.08% nitrogen. The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 760 mmHg.
The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressures exerted by each constituents gas ( dalton's law)
p02= 159.2 mmHg
pco2= 0.03 mmHg
pN2= 600.6 mmHg
Atmospheric pressure increases markedly underwater.
the atmospheric pressure decreases in high altitude. The metabolism of soil microbes and small soil animals can reduce the fractional oxygen content and elevate the carbodioxide content of soil air. Atmospheric air always contains some water vapor. Water in equilibrium with air will have the sane gas partial pressures as the saturated air but may have considrably different molar concentrations of the gases. Solubility of gases in liquid are different. solubility coefficient depends on the gas, the nature of solvent, temperature and ionic strength. Respiratory system
Diffusion is simply the movement of molecules from one region to another due to their random thermal motion.
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