Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the redox reaction so oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another.

Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular changes.

minute and alveolar ventilation

Minute ventilation : total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute. Respiratory rate or frequency : number breaths taken per minute. Anatomic dead space : part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place.

Alveolar ventilation : how much air per minute enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange takes place.

invertebrates respiratory system

Sponges do not have speciliazed respiratory organs. Simple diffusions is enough to support all cells with oxygen. Water flows into a sponge througt side openings and out of the top opening osculum. The water current provides both food and oxygen removes waste products. All of the cells in the sponge obtain their oxygen from the circulated water. Flatwarms also do not need respiratory organs as like lungs or gills, simple diffusion occur for gas exchange.

gills lungs tracheae

There are three general types of respiratory systems, these are: gills, lungs, tracheae. a gill is an evaginated extension of the body surface that can be highly folded to increase the surface area. ıt is covered by a special structure called operculum. An internal circulatory system distrubutes blood through gill and body. The external circulation of water over the gill can be accomplished by pumping movements, by the action of surface ciliated cells, or by moving the gills through water.

a lung in contrast to gill, is an invaginated internalized surface. Lungs are ofter highly folded to maximize their surface area for gas exchange. Trachea are a third type respiratory system used by many air breathing invertebrates particulary arthropods. The trachea branch internally to form numerous small tubes whose blind ends lie close to all cells of the body. http://respiratory-system.blogspot.com

Gills often have a flow of water over their surface that is in the opposite direction to blood flow; ths is countercurrent flow. Birds are very specialized exchange system; there is a one way flow of air through the lungs but blood flow is a one-way essentially crosscurrent rather than countercurrent or co-current.

compostion of air

The composition of normal, dry atmospheric air is 20.95 percent oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide and 78.08% nitrogen. The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 760 mmHg.
The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressures exerted by each constituents gas ( dalton's law)

p02= 159.2 mmHg
pco2= 0.03 mmHg
pN2= 600.6 mmHg

Atmospheric pressure increases markedly underwater.

the atmospheric pressure decreases in high altitude. The metabolism of soil microbes and small soil animals can reduce the fractional oxygen content and elevate the carbodioxide content of soil air. Atmospheric air always contains some water vapor. Water in equilibrium with air will have the sane gas partial pressures as the saturated air but may have considrably different molar concentrations of the gases. Solubility of gases in liquid are different. solubility coefficient depends on the gas, the nature of solvent, temperature and ionic strength. Respiratory system

Diffusion is simply the movement of molecules from one region to another due to their random thermal motion.

functions

1. gas exchange: oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves
2. regulation of blood pH: altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels.
3. voice production: movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
4. olfaction: smell occurs when airbone molecules drawn into nasal cavity
5. protection . against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

respiration

respiratory system summary

ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs. External respiration: gas exchange between air in lungs and blood. transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Internal respiration: gas exchange between the flood and tissues. The function of respiration: ATP synthesized by aerobic metabolism is 20 times larger than the common anaerobic pathways leading to lactic acid.

20 percent of air is oxygen as you know. Oxygen uptake is accompanied by an euqivalent CO2 excretion. Small animals do not require any specialized respiratory structures for oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide loss or an internal circulatory system. A larger body size decreases the body surface area available for respiratory exchange relative to body mass.

The evolution of larger and metabolically more active animals is associated with progressively more complex respiratory structures specialized for gas exchange.

Respiratory System for a high school biology class.

this video explains: Respiratory System for a high school biology class.

The Human respiratory system explanation video

The Human respiratory system video.. explanation

The Alveoli and Gas Exchange

As you know friends diffusion is the movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration. The differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are measured by partial pressures.

Respiratory pigments increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Humans have the red-colored pigment hemoglobin as their respiratory pigment. Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood between 65 and 70 times.

respiratory system presentation

A healthy person breathes through the nose with 1 / 2 liter of air, with more breathing (respiration) can be up to 2.5 liters, With every breath transport the bronchi the inhaled air into the lungs approximately 300 million vesicles (alveoli).

There is a gas exchange of oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide from the blood of the blood vessels of the lungs instead. Breathing (respiration), also known as external respiration is called, consists of the phases of inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).

During inhalation, the body via the lungs oxygen bubbles, the bubbles on the lung wall against carbon dioxide is exchanged. The carbon dioxide is exhaled.

interesting facts things about respiratory system

Each lung contains 300-350 million respiratory units called alveoli making it a total of 700 million in both lungs. More than half a liter of water per day is lost through breathing.
We breathe 13 pints of air every minute. People under 30 years of age take in double the amount of oxygen in comparison to a 80 year old.

High Elevation Respiration

High Elevation Respiration video videos..
At higher elevations, the respiratory system has to work harder to pull in the amount of oxygen necessary for survival from the environment. To watch the video click here or go to : http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/12117-investigating-human-biology-high-elevation-respiration-video.htm

Gas exchanges in different mediums

Aquatic Gas Exchange is about water. If there is water in the medium.
Advantage of aquatic gas exchange:
Keeping surface moist is no problem
Disadvantage of aquatic gas exchange:
O2 concentrations in water are low, especially in warmer and saltier environments


Terrestrial Gas Exchange mean , gas exchange is occuring on dry lands.
Advantages:
O2 diffuses faster in air
Air contains much more O2 than water
Disadvantage:
Surfaces must be internal to avoid loss of water due to evaporation

mechanishm of breating espiration

Respiratory system is consists of taking breathing oxygen from the air and give off carbon dioxide that is produced in cells.

They have three phases:
1. Exchange in the lungs.
2. The transport of gases.
3. Respiration in cells and tissues.

The air enters the lungs and out of them by breathing movements :
Inspiration in the air enters the lungs because they swell to increase the volume of the rib cage. This is because the diaphragm descends and the ribs are lifted.
Espiration in the air is thrown to the outside because the lungs are compressed to reduce the size of the rib cage, as the diaphragm and ribs return to their normal position.
Really great mechanism for respiratory system. Its amazing..

respiratory system

The breath serves two successive stages, carried out to the muscular action of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, it is controlled by the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. In inspiration, the diaphragm is contracted and the intercostal muscles rise and widen the ribs.

The rib cage volume gains and penetrates outside air to fill this space. During the exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the ribs down and move inland. The rib cage diminishes their ability and lungs leak air outwards. Body needs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide gas.

bronchioles alveoli air sacs

As you know breathing is an involuntary and automatic process, controlled by pns. It extracts oxygen from the air inspired and expel waste gases with the breath.

The air is inhaled through the nose then it heated and moistened and moves on to the pharynx, larynx and continues to penetrate into the trachea. In the middle of the chest, the trachea is divided into two bronchi which are divided again, again and again, bronchus in secondary, tertiary, and, finally, some 250,000 bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles are grouped in clusters of alveoli, small air sacs, where the exchange of gases in the blood. The lungs contain about 300 million alveoli, which deployed occupy an area of 70 square meters, about 40 times the size of the skin

respiration

The lungs, the spongy bodies, large and conical, play a vital role since they are responsible for the oxygen in the body. Oxygen combustion uses the human body, ie it allows fuel to burn the nutrients in food. The body produces and the energy needed to fill its needs.

The right lung has three lobes, while the left has only two, but has a location for the heart. The lungs may contain adult three liters of air around. These are the chest muscles that are responsible for the work of breathing as the lungs have no muscles themselves. Much of this work is done by a muscle end at the base of the lungs, the diaphragm. The involuntary and uncontrolled contraction of the muscle because the "hiccups". Breathing is an automatic phenomenon, present even when one is unconscious. At rest, the respiratory rate of the average adult is 16 breaths per minute.

The air that inspires it descends into the trachea to the bronchi, which separate

to enter the left or right lung. Bronchial themselves branch into several bronchioles, which are divided into half a dozen cellular channels, which are narrow conduits in the opening air sacs. This branched structure uniting the trachea and bronchi, the bronchioles, canals and alveolar air sacs is often called "bronchial tree" because of its resemblance to the branches and leaves of a tree. A dozen cells are clustered together on each bag honeycomb. This is in the thousands of tiny air sacs in the lungs, the oxygen provided by the inspiration through the membrane of the alveolar wall to be transferred to red blood cells in capillaries (small blood vessels on alveoli). Conversely, waste gases pass blood red air cells to be eliminated by the end. The cells are particularly susceptible to infection because they are a hot and humid environment conducive to the proliferation of viruses and bacteria. This explains why a simple cooling can develop into pneumonia or pneumonia *, which are characterized by infection and inflammation sometimes serious, can compromise the ventilation of the lungs. However, the body needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients costs to remain alive.

human respiration

Human beings can survive several weeks without eating and without drinking a few days, but he must breathe at all times to live. Like drinking and eating, the respirationest essential to cellulesdu body. Without oxygènerendu available through respiration and blood circulation, the cells could no longer fulfill their functions and ensure the survival of the entire body.

In this dish, we will explore the different organs of the respiratory system.

amazing facts about respiratory system circulatory system

There are some amazing and interesting facts about human circulatory system.

* The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
*At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10 liters of air each minute.
* The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis court.
* The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per hour.
* The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers if placed end to end.
* Half a liter of water a day through breathing. Water vapor when we breathe onto glass
* A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a minute.
* The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men.