Pneumonia

Infectious inflammation of the lungs, in which fluid accumulates in the alveoli; the eighth most common cause of death in the United States.Most of the more than 50 different varieties of pneumonia are viral or bacterial

Pulmonary embolism

Obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus (most often a blood clot that has been carried from the lower limbs and through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary circulation). Symptoms are chest pain, productive bloody cough, tachycardia, and rapid, shallow breathing. Can cause sudden death unless treated quickly; usual treatment is oxygen by mask, pain relievers, and anticoagulant

Bronchoscopy

Use of a viewing tube inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the internal surface of the main bronchi in the lung. Forceps attached to the tip of the tube can remove trapped objects or take samples of mucus for examination.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A dangerous lung condition that can develop after severe illness or injury to the
body. Neutrophils leave the body’s capillaries in large numbers
and then secrete chemicals that increase capillary permeability.
The capillary-rich lungs are heavily affected. As the lungs
fill with the fluids of edema, the patient suffocates. Even with
mechanical ventilation, ARDS is hard to control and often
lethal.

Trachea - Bronchial tree

Trachea
-windpipe
-larynx at division forming
two primary bronchi at midthorax
-mucosa –
pseudostratified 
epithelium (goblet cells)
-submucosa –
connective tissue
seromucous glands –
mucous -advantitia –
CT hyaline cartilage

Bronchial tree

-left and right primary bronchi
-formed by divisions of the  trachea
-secondary bronchi (lobar)
-inside the lungs
-3 on the right
-2 on the left
-tertiary bronchi (segmental)
-fourth-order
-fifth-order
-23 orders of branching air ways
-bronchioles (under 1 mm in diameter

Cartilage:

-rings
-irregular plates
-no cartilage in bronchioles
-replaced by elastic fibers

Epithelium:
-pseudostratified (ciliated)
-columnar (ciliated)
-cuboidal in terminal bronchioles (no cilia)
Smooth Muscle:
-increases as tubes get smaller

Human Anatomy and Physiology
The respiratory zone
Respiratory Zone:
Respiratory bronchioiles
Alveoli (300 million)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

Video: Respiration in Human Beings

Transport of Gases

• The gas exchange through the alveoli membrane and capillaries occur by simple diffusion
• Fick's law describes transalveolar gas exchange VO2=DO2 A(PalO2-ParO2)t
• t is the transalveolar thickness
• The path lenght for diffusion includs the thickness of the alveolar epithelium and underlying basement membrane and the capillary endotheliumç
• Respiratory pigments in blood often transport O2 from the respiratory surface to the tissues but can also transfer 02 from blood into cells or act as intracellular oxygen stores such as myoglobi and neuroglobins.
• increase temperature increase dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.
• 2-3 Diphosphoglycerate in erhythrocyte; it increase dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.
• The rate of 02 transport by the circulatory system depends on the rate of blood flow and the O2 contents of arterial blood and venous blood.